Pressure on national and local governments to rapidly develop their tourism potential to meet demand and produce benefits, makes it more essential than ever to plan carefully and consider the human and environmental impacts of tourism development. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important models in tourism study. The paper offers an invaluable practical interpretation of travel motivation and related management issues. Plog in public taking tourism theory to practice joe pavelka mount royal university abstract an important subject in teaching tourism is how destinations change but because of the temporal component of change, that is not always easy to do in the classroom. A useful and pragmatic approach to understanding how. Postmodern critics argue, with some justification, that travel and tourism often have the exact opposite effect, transforming the experience into an exploitative commercial affair a kind of voyeuristic form of entertainment in which the native population and their culture becomes a purchasable commodity to satisfy hedonistic pursuits. While the people at the upper end of the income spectrum were found to be mainly allocentrics. Plog did most of his work in the private sector, but published several books on travel, and was also the author of work on travel motivations and destination life cycles which is still widely cited and discussed. By virtue of intensive study, plog further revealed an interesting phenomenon. According to plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time, and follow a relatively predictable pattern of growth and decline in popularity. At the same time, it has been scrutinized by a host of critics who questioned aspects of the models applicability and validity.
A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide range of activities. Travel weekly has carried an obituary announcing the death of stanley plog, aged 80. Within the spectrum of psychographic personality types a tourist can either be classified as a dependable or venturer plog, 2001. Pdf revisiting plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity. Teaches students how to market travel more effectively. He has written two other books on travel leisure travel. Plog was a phi beta kappa and magna cum laude graduate of occidental college and received his doctorate in social sciences at harvard university. A new edition of the bestselling introduction to tourism textbook from the local to the global level, the forces that shape todays economic and social conditions also affect the tourism industry.
Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below. Books travel and tourism industry guide libguides at. Psychocentric tourists are selfinhibiting, nervous, and nonadventurous. Cohens model of typologies of tourists is an early conceptual framework aimed at the sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern tourism. This person is outgoing and selfconfident in behavior. Allocentric and psychocentric, tourism springerlink. While compelling as a theory, the concept has been subject to little. Stanley plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. In his 1972 journal article towards a sociology of international tourism, the sociologist erik cohen was the first to. Plog uses his more than 40 years of knowledge by mixing telling case studies with marketing theory. Plogs model of personalitybased psychographic traits in tourism. Tourism theories is a website that puts the tourist in the centre of what is called tourism.
Today, destination management is an important subject in tourism studies. Patterns of tourists emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Over the last few decades, tourism has exerted increasing pressure on the land and negative social, environmental and economic impacts have surfaced as major issues. Plog is also an editor for the journal of travel research and the cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly. Pdf plogs model of typologies of tourists researchgate. Tourist typologies a theoretical intr oduction to tourism. According to plogs classification of tourists and travel motivation theory 1974, blackpools tourists can be considered midcentric and psychocentric. Models in tourism planning towards integration of theory and practice donald getz a discussion of the nature of tourism planning suggests the need for a new model of the planning process. To demonstrate that the psychographic factors can determine tourists options in order to choose a place for vacation. In another book plog 2004 elaborated that in addition to venturesomeness. Plogs model is considered seminal and has been widely cited in the tourism literature.
That is why, as secretarygeneral of the world tourism organization, i am pleased to see the serious analysis of the problems and prospects of the. It is also anticipated that researchers and practitioners will find it useful and stimulating. Litvinrevisiting plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity one more time. Sage reference cohens model of typologies of tourists. Definitiontourism is a collection of activities, services andindustries which deliver a travel experiencecomprising transportation, accommodation, eatingand drinking establishments, retail shops,entertainment businesses and other hospitalityservices provided for individuals or. Plog is the architect of tourist definitions widely accepted within the travel and tourism industry. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel. Theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand. An allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. August 30thseptember 2006 university of thessalydepartment of planning and regional development h. Plogs theory of allocentric and psychocentric traveler types was the basis in this study which deals with psychological side of tourism behaviour and travel motivation factors when traveler chooses the destination. Pdf plogs model of typologies of tourists oliver cruz. A new perspective on the plog psychographic system.
As one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy since the 1950s, tourism has proved to be a complicated phenomenon, unlike any other economic producer. Stanley plog s model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. Patterns of tourists emotional responses, satisfaction. Problems and conflicts 46th congress of the european regional science association ersa enlargement, southern europe and the mediterranean. Cause despite everything, our world is pretty awesome.
The authors posit places possess meanings and tourists can develop a sense of romance toward them. Developed from the successful portuguese textbook teoria do turismo, tourism theory provides clear and thorough coverage of all aspects of tourism theory for students and researchers of tourism. Since the goods and services provided to tourists are really inputs to the process of producing the experience, demand for these. Stanley plog, an american researcher came up with a theory in which he classifies travelers in two main sectors followed by three subsections according to their. Positive guidelines for better planning are in demand by developers and. Tourist typologies tourists can be described as a particular group of tourists based upon their different psychological characteristics. Moreover, even in highly devel needs of the tourism industry, with typologies often being established economies problems persist, for as theobold 1 994. An excellent introduction to the economics of tourism that relates basic economic theory to the tourism industry. Anyone involved in the work or study of todays tourism industry must consider all. Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below allocentric the wanderers. Plogs tourist types plogs tourism typology plogs tourist types plogs tourist types allocentric enjoy traveling independently, cultural exploration, often in aboveaverage income groups, seek adventurous experiences on holiday. Pdf a new perspective on the plog psychographic system. This was identified as blackpool attracts a large number of repeat visitors visitors who. The findings also reveal that tourists psychographic types can be varied by demographics, travel type, frequencies, duration, purpose and destination setting.
For us, the importance of tourism is what the tourist lives and experiences during his holiday and the role he or she can play in the sustainable development of a country. Tourist motivations explain the factors in which influence a tourist to travel. Maslows theory of the hierarchy of needs tourism essay. This is a blog for students, professionals of tourism and anyone interested in tourist sustainability all around the world. Description theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand. Identifying and capturing the essence of the place is vital for the tourism business to do well. Currently, he operates as an independent consultant. He came up with 3 main classifications for this theory to keep it simple but still be able to group every type of trip taken. Travel weekly posts obituary of leading tourism researcher.
He is widely known as a travel research specialist and consultant. Despite the poverty of tourism theory,eric cohen 1995 has observed that there is on the one hand a wide variety of conceptual and theoretical approaches to tourism which have yet to be rigorously tested,as well as the proliferation of field studies which lack an explicit theoretical orientation and. This book explores advances in tourism planning and destination marketing theory for the interest of both researchers and scholars. This entry discusses the history of plogs model, types of tourists and the. In comparison, allocentric tourists are outgoing, selfconfident, and adventurous. Explore the site to learn about her books and upcoming projects, be inspired by travel photography.
Bryanna plog is an author and traveler, and dedicated to inspiring everyone to better understand the world we live in, from cultures to canyons to street food and scenic train rides. But it remains a theory widely discussed in tourism textbooks and. Synopsis for undergraduategraduate intermediate and advanced courses in travel and tourism, tourism development, business travel management, and overviews on the history of travel and tourism. Furthermore, it is an invaluable resource for a wide range of industry practitioners, including consultants, senior executives and managers who work for destination management organisations, tourism offices, hotels, inboundoutbound tour operators and travel agents.
Chapter 3 plogs model of personalitybased psychographic. Document revisiting plogs model of allocentricity and. This paper will try to discuss the maslow hierarchy theory in tourism and the importance of this theory in tourism field. Sage reference plogs model of typologies of tourists. For the allocentric, travel is a means to express inquisitiveness and satisfy curiosity. In a groundbreaking book, elizabeth becker uncovers how what was once a hobby has become a colossal enterprise with profound impact on countries, the environment, and cultural heritage.
Plogs model represents a foundational, noteworthy contribution to the theory of. Search the worlds most comprehensive index of fulltext books. One of the bestknown models in the travel and tourism field is one proposed by stanley plog. Coined by tourism researcher plog, these terms describe two types of personality. Plog 1974 came up with a theory to classify tourists on the type of holiday they choose, mainly due to the location. Tourism satellite account, supply trends, competition models, macro evaluation of tourism projects and events and the role of tourism in a development strategy. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide. Tourism text books in my bookshelf that incorporate plogs model.
Because of its intuitive appeal and simplicity, the model is found in most tourism and hospitality. Venugopalan maslows theory of motivation its relevance and application among nonmanagerial employees of selected public and private sector undertakings in kerala thesis. With this purpose in mind the nature and role of models are discussed, followed by a survey of models of a theoretical and planning nature in the tourism. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel motivation are given below. As a travel professional with more than 30 years experience of tourism marketing i have never read a better book on destination marketing.
Tourist motivations a theoretical intr oduction to tourism. Developed from the successful portuguese textbook teoria do turismo, tourism. Consisting of five sections and over 50 entries, this book includes nine of the most important models in tourism study. The theory parts also focus on the things that passengers focus on in a. This book emphasizes new aspects such as measurement of tourism e. Barbra bukenya and sini luostari problems faced by a. If an attractive place is turned into a destination, the place generates high revenue from tourism. The most cited theories in tourism researches, psychographic types of travellers and desti nation life cycle by stanley plog and the tourism area life cycles. Each chapter combines theory and practice and international case studies are provided. Tourism theories leipers tourism system model 1990 stanley plogs model of destination preferences stanley plogs psychographics. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important models in. Easily understood, comprehensive overviewprovides successful case examples of repositioning and rebranding destinations and travel products from around the world offers students a conceptual framework to understand how different travel products and destinations appeal to different.
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